Psychology Donnie Darko - 1292 Words

Top of Form Bottom of Form Many films today go beyond simple dramas and acts of heroism. A recent interest in the individual and why each person does, acts, lives the way they do makes for wonderful film adaptations of the tortured human soul. Cult films like Donnie Darko received a very strong following due to its strong portrayal of a young man dealing with psychological issues, the question of God, feeling alone, and death. More than any teenager should have to deal with but considering our day and age, it is not surprising that the following Donnie Darko has earned through beautiful portrayal of a tormented soul is made up of mainly adolescents. In the film, Donnie is said to suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.†¦show more content†¦Also, paranoid schizophrenics often of hallucination of smell, taste, sexual and other sensations. Visual hallucinations such as the ones presented in Donnie Darko are also possible occurrences or symptoms but are rarely the main hallucinations individual s suffer from. In the film, Donnie hears a voice command him to wake up and he follows the voice until he reaches the place he is supposed to reach. At that point his hallucination takes visual form. Other times as well he either hears his hallucination, Frank, or sees him, or both, oftentimes having conversations with him. Further, Donnie realizes near the end of the film that he has a special mission he must complete which is to die in order for members of his family and his girlfriend to live. Treatment of paranoid schizophrenia includes medication, psychotherapy, hospitalization, and other forms of therapy. Outside of the western world some communities help the individual suffering from schizophrenia with group based activities and some have seen positive outcomes for the individuals, sometimes more so than individuals treated in the western world with therapy and medication. In Donnie Darko, Donnie’s therapist conducts typical sessions where she asks him how he isShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Donnie Darko1055 Words   |  4 PagesBackground In the movie Donnie Darko, Donnie is a high school student who is remarkably smart, but for the last several months has had trouble in school and with his friends. His friends and family have always thought of him as â€Å"weird†, but lately he has been acting more and more out of the ordinary. One night Donnie wakes up outside in a golf course with no recollection of how he got there. When he arrives home he discovers that a jet engine has crashed through his roof, and hit where he shouldRead MoreDonnie Darko/ Abnormal Psycology762 Words   |  4 PagesResendez-Singh Psychology 101/ Extra Credit April 28th, 2012 Donnie Darko/Abnormal Psychology Donnie Darko is a movie about a young teen that experienced many abnormal things in his life that are said to be associated with a psychologicalRead MorePsychological Thriller Media Studies1263 Words   |  6 Pagesor a goal humans strive towards to understand their reason for existence. Characters often try to discover what their purpose is in their lives and the narratives conflict often is a way for the characters o discover this purpose. FOR EXAMPLE: Donnie Darko or The Sixth Sense. IDENTITY - The definition of one’s self. Characters often are confused about or doubt who they are and try to discover their true identity. FOR EXAMPLE; Identity or Total Recall DEATH - The cessation of life. Characters

Evaluation of the collapse of ABC Learning Sample for Students

Questions: 1. What was the Purpose of the Audit, and was it achieved? Discuss. 2. Provide an Evaluation of the Collapse of ABC Learning with respect to Corporate Social Responsibility, Common Good and Stewardship.3. Identify Ethical Issues which Contributed to the downfall of ABC Learning by Stating the Underlying Ethical theories.4. How did Unethical Practices affect Stakeholders? Discuss. Critically Evaluate the role of Auditors in detecting Unethical Conduct? Answers: Introduction: The current report aims to conduct an audit evaluation for gaining an understanding of the problems related to real life auditing and linking between theory and practice. ABC Learning has been selected as the organisation, which liquidated in 2008 due to certain ethical issues. Therefore, the collapse of ABC Learning has been analysed in relation to common good, corporate social responsibility and stewardship. In addition, relevant ethical theories have been discussed along with the effect of unethical practices on stakeholders. Finally, the report sheds light on evaluating the role of the audit or to detect such unethical conduct. 1.Purpose of the audit: The basic objective of this audit is to assess the ABC Learning collapse, which went public in 2001 having a market capitalisation of $25,000,000. However, it liquidated in 2008 after a period of aggressive diversification, in which the market capitalisation had reached $2,500,000,000. Specifically, this audit aims to investigate the following and the ways through which they have been achieved are discussed as follows: Evaluation of the collapse of ABC Learning in relation to common good, stewardship and corporate social responsibility Identifying the ethical issues leading to the downfall of the organisation and it has been achieved by linking the issues with the relevant academic theories Assessing the impact of such unethical practices on the associated stakeholders of ABC Learning 2.Evaluation of collapse of ABC Learning with respect to corporate social responsibility, common good and stewardship: The collapse of ABC Learning has been an instance of the ineffectiveness of an organisation in complying with the principles of sound accounting. Apart from the accounting principles, there are certain other principles that lead to the collapse of ABC Learning in 2008. These principles are briefly summarised as follows: Corporate social responsibility: In the words of Birkey et al. (2016), corporate social responsibility audit is a formal strategic technique to gauge the actual social performance of an organisation in contrast to the set objectives. According to the corporate social responsibility objective of ABC Learning, the organisation has intended to provide content with diligence, integrity and transparency to ensure the interests of citizens. In addition, the organisation aims to provide products and services for satisfying However, the owner of ABC Learning has not provided adequate importance to corporate governance by entering into numerous related-party transactions. In 2006, ABC had paid Austock, a broking stock and the owner of the organisation had owned a sizeable stake of $27 million in transaction fees. In addition, ABC had paid $74 million to Queensland maintenance services in 2006 for maintenance work and untendered renovation on ABC centres. This has dissatisfied the investors of the organisation largely, as it did not follow its set corporate governance objectives. As a result, it has damaged its reputation and investor confidence (Carson et al. 2014). This has been one of the reasons behind the fall of ABC Learning. Common good: As commented by Hardy (2014), common good is an artistic term, which aims to share and benefit majority of the members of a particular community achieved through collective action and citizenship. The owner of ABC Learning has been visionary, energetic and aggressive; however, his drive had consumed him. The person had taken of his vision from the management of the organisation to focus on the growth strategy. In addition, the person had failed to provide desired benefits to the community members, instead, he had focused on overpaying for the US and UK acquisitions. This has resulted in increased amount of pressure exerted on the part of public market in the growth of ABC Learning (Logan, Sumsion and Press 2015). The owner of ABC Learning has thought he was the best person to run the business operations. However, this thought was wrong, as recruiting an efficient manager would have saved the collapse of ABC Learning. Stewardship: As pointed out by Hay, Stewart and Botica Redmayne (2016), stewardship is an ethic, which depicts the sound planning and management of resources. In case of ABC Learning, the owner has commenced global push with acquisitions in the US in 2005. However, the acquisitions have been followed later in UK. As the owner of the organisation has been engaged in diversifying the business operations, the person has ignored the childcare operation in Australia, which includes cash cow and generator of major profit (Jones 2016). In addition, such diversion of focus has resulted in appointment of agencies for finding staffs. As a result, it has increased cost of recruitment, which has resulted in profit slump. Due to this inefficient management of resources, 200 Australian centres of ABC Learning had incurred huge losses leading to the downfall of ABC Learning. 3.Identification of ethical issues that lead to the downfall of ABC Learning and discussion of those issues with respect to relevant ethical theories: The main ethical issues that have lead to the downfall of ABC Learning are briefly described as follows: The absence of regularities related to accounting and margin of loan for funding ABC Learning has not allotted considerable amount of time to increase its profit generation capacity The increase in value of intangible assets has lead to inflated firm value The organisation has provided inaccurate information to the different users of the financial statements, which has lead to loss of shareholder trust and eventually, the collapse of ABC Learning. The above-mentioned ethical issues have been associated with the utilitarianism theory of ethics. According to this theory, the benefit of each individual is provided equal priority and there is absence of inequality (Singh et al. 2014) In this case, ABC Learning has conducted accounting irregularities by inflating its value of inflated assets. According to the utilitarianism ethical theory, there is need of some kind of tallying or computation of likely pains and pleasures for the stakeholders. In this case, the organisation has provided incorrect information to the stakeholders, which has minimised the trust and confidence of the stakeholders on the organisation. As a result, it has violated this specific ethical theory, which has resulted in collapse of ABC Learning. 4.Effect of unethical practices on stakeholders and evaluation of the auditors role: The following are the major effects of the unethical practices on the stakeholders of ABC Learning: Due to the inflated firm value, the users of the financial statements of ABC Learning have lost trust within the organisation. Due to such unethical misconduct, the investors have experienced significant losses and as a result, ABC Learning has struggled to accumulate funds. As the owner of ABC Learning has been involved in global expansion, the childcare centres in Australia have been ignored, which has reduced the quality of services provided to the customers and the overall community. With the decline in net profits, many staffs of ABC Learning have lost their jobs, after it liquidated in 2008. As a result, the state of unemployment has increased in the nation. Role of an auditor in detecting unethical conduct: The auditor is responsible for rendering an opinion on whether there has been fair presentation of financial statements in all material respects in complying with the framework of financial reporting. In addition, the auditor provides the users with an increased degree of confidence in the financial statements. In order to develop the opinion, the auditor accumulates effective and adequate evidence along with observing, testing, contrasting and confirming until reasonable assurance has been achieved. Thus, the auditor develops an opinion to check whether any material misstatement exists in the financial statements due to error or fraud (Varughese, Janda and Obermair 2014). Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been found that ABC Learning has collapsed in 2008 due to certain ethical issues. The collapse of ABC Learning has been evaluated in terms of corporate social responsibility, common good and stewardship. However, the owner of ABC Learning has not provided adequate importance to corporate governance by entering into numerous related-party transactions. As the owner of the organisation has been engaged in diversifying the business operations, the person has ignored the childcare operation in Australia. Due to the inflated firm value, the users of the financial statements of ABC Learning have lost trust within the organisation. Finally, it has been found that the auditor develops an opinion to check whether any material misstatement exists in the financial statements due to error or fraud. References: Birkey, R.N., Michelon, G., Patten, D.M. and Sankara, J., 2016, September. Does assurance on CSR reporting enhance environmental reputation? An examination in the US context. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 143-152). Elsevier. Carson, E., Simnett, R., Trompeter, G. and Vanstraelen, A., 2014. The impact of group audit arrangements on audit quality and pricing. Ge, Q., Simnett, R. and Zhou, S., 2016. Ethical and Quality Control Requirements When Undertaking Assurance Engagements. Hardy, C.A., 2014. The messy matters of continuous assurance: Findings from exploratory research in Australia.Journal of Information Systems,28(2), pp.357-377. Hay, D., Stewart, J. and Botica Redmayne, N., 2016. The Role of Auditing in Corporate Governance in Australia and New Zealand: A Research Synthesis. Jones, P., 2016. Internal audit: An integrated approach.Company Director,32(5), p.50. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Logan, H., Sumsion, J. and Press, F., 2015. The Council of Australian Government Reforms [20072013]: a critical juncture in Australian early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy?.International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy,9(1), pp.1-16. Singh, H., Woodliff, D., Sultana, N. and Newby, R., 2014. Additional evidence on the relationship between an internal audit function and external audit fees in Australia.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), pp.27-39. Varughese, E., Janda, M. and Obermair, A., 2014. Can the use of quality assurance tools reduce the impact of surgical complications on the well?being of obstetricians and gynaecologists in Australia and New Zealand?.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,54(1), pp.30-35.

Western Women in World War Two

Introduction World War Two had huge impact on the roles and participation of women in western societies. Women were seen as home-makers and nurturers before the war and were discouraged to work. Married women remained at home to perform traditional duties as wives and mothers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Western Women in World War Two specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These beliefs affected their role in the society and national involvement, such as decision-making where they were left out. Men took all the employment opportunities and only unmarried women were allowed to work on condition that they will leave the work immediately after getting married. Shortage of workers in production industries and participation of men in the war led to the increase of women in labor force. The government requested women to take part in the workforce and frequently reminded them that their sons, husbands, and broth ers were in great danger due to the shortage of supplies needed to fight their enemies. They used several slogans and misinformation to motivate and urge women to participate in protecting their country. The strategy of ‘Rosie the Riveter’ worked successfully in bringing women to take jobs1. Employers and other people believed that their jobs were temporary and should only be assigned specific low paid jobs. After the war, most women continued working in their jobs regardless of the opposition from their men. People considered that they should leave their jobs and resume their traditional duties at home. However, employers appreciated their efforts, but they set a lower pay for women compared with men with the same or comparable jobs. The efforts of women and their involvement in World War Two had a great influence on the future of women in societies. Modern women were born through the participation and success of women during the war. Inequality and discrimination are fading and women have been considered in most opportunities at work. This paper discusses the roles of women before, during, and after the war. It focuses mostly on the beliefs and employment opportunities which were created during World War Two.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women before World War Two Women’s role Before World War Two, it was normally accepted that the responsibilities of women were as home-makers and nurturers. Many believed in women’s destinity to get married, have children and to give over their lives to satisfy their husbands, children, and society. This was caused by traditional beliefs that women were unable to lead any other kind of life apart from what they are assigned by their traditions. These beliefs affected most women all over the world, including western women. Those women who went against these beliefs were considered immoral an d may be rejected in their community2. Most people believed that if a woman chooses to look for employment while she is married or unmarried, she is considered careless, immoral, lax, and disrespectful to the community and to her husband and children. This was much felt in Australia and women were supposed to populate the nation for its economy safety and welfare. Women were also considered the defenders of morality among children since they were mostly in contact with children and therefore they were the major influence on the future generations through acting as role model to the young people. Therefore, women were not provided the permissible status as protectors of their offspring. The laws governing divorce and marriage supported men more than women, mostly relative to custody of children and possession, and men’s opinions were given first priority since women’s opinions were considered less important. These are the kinds of injustices that had motivated most wome n to participate in the first wave of feminism. Employment These cases of marriages allowed only unmarried women to look for employment and abandoned their jobs immediately after marrying. Upper class and middle class husbands were capable of supporting their wives and families and this support would lead them to take part in public life, in a sense, by humanitarian jobs. Some of these women became somewhat dynamic in the society through these ways, mainly during World War One3. The reason they participated in World War Two was not only because they were not employed, but also because they were free from their household chores since they were capable of hiring domestic assistants and nannies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Western Women in World War Two specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most unfortunate women had to take both domestic jobs and employment, which was very difficult just then since labor-s aving tools like washing machine systems and appliances were just accessible to privileged women. Unfavorable working conditions also showed that big population of men died or injured in job-related disasters hence no longer provide for their families. The burdens in which beliefs placed on western women were higher than that were placed on their men due to two main reasons. The first reason was that western women were paid minimal wage which was much below the men’s payment. The second reason was that women were only allowed certain jobs. The approach that women were mainly nurturers affected the job they were permitted to assume4. Most western women engaged in domestic service, teaching, clerks, secretaries, nursing, and other ‘nurturing’ jobs. Women during World War Two The demand placed on some western countries, such as America, by the war machine was huge. The only means to win the war was to involve large population of women in employment since millions of men were at war and the rest of the male population was not enough to occupy the existing jobs. America favored women to take part in the remaining jobs, such as building the planes, ships, and tanks, required to be used in the war. World War Two, unlike any other historic battle, was based on quality of production and the only solution was to engage American women in production and supply of war equipment5. Therefore, western countries worked together with women’s organizations, media, and industry in an attempt to request them to take part in labor force. The main aim was to inform women that it was their loyal responsibility to participate in available occupations. However, devotion to the nation was not the only reason that the War Manpower Commission employed to bring women into the labor force. The strategy for many employment programs employed the idea of raised economic success to draw women into the labor force. Actually, some notices went so far as to glamorize war jobs and spread the significance of women participating in other jobs rather than domestic work.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the misinformation provided to them, American women, whether social contact, economic benefits, loyalty, or country’s needs forced them, participated in the labor force at higher rate than ever seen earlier. In mid 1944, when World War Two was at its climax, above 20 million women were recruited in America and this recorded the highest number of women than ever before 6. Application for employment was quite easy than it was expected during this war period. While their men were fighting for human rights and equality overseas, western women were experiencing inequality and discrimination at their country. Although women were turning out for employment at higher rates than before, several firms declined to recruit women, while other firms fixed unjustly low recruitment allocation for women. Other employers recruited women, but declined to provide them with jobs formerly occupied by men. These processes made women to feel confused about the way western countries wanted the ir women to conduct themselves. Although several women were recruited, they were not essentially treated the same as their men in the same positions. In 1942, the National War Labor Board (NWLB) tried to eliminate some of the deep-rooted injustices and discrimination in the payments of women, when they chose to implement uniform pay policies7. However, these principles were randomly implemented because many employers had different views about women. They reasoned that jobs that women were doing were easier. Women who participated in the workforce due to World War Two were usually called ‘production soldiers’ and their total hours in the week were 48 hours, although most women worked overtime. Sunday was the only holiday and most leaves and holidays were withdrawn. The employment opportunities for women during the war were seen as temporary opportunity which will be declined after the war. Rosie the Riveter While women were recruited in various positions formerly unavail able to them, the aviation industry experienced the highest increase in female employees. Above 300,000 female employees were recruited in the United States’ aircraft industry in 1943, which was around 60% of the labor force in the industry, matched up with only one percent before World War Two 8. The munition industry as well greatly hired female employees, as represented by the United States authority’s ‘Rosie the Riveter’ misinformation movement. The country was experiencing shortage of workers since men were participating in the war and more war supplies were needed to be produced. They urged and motivated women to take part in the nation building by getting a job. The misinformation provided by the authority used emotional request along with patriotism to win women’s attention. Women were frequently being reminded that their men, brothers, and sons were experiencing huge risks since they were facing shortage of supplies they required in the war . They used slogans such as â€Å"Women the war needs you,† â€Å"We can do it,† and â€Å"Victory is in your Hands† to influence western women that their national needs were significant than their personal needs. Derived from small part on a daily life munitions employee, but mainly an untrue character, the effective and powerful ‘Rosie the Riveter’ became one of the most effective enrollment devices in the American history and the greatest iconic reflection of the employed women during the war. The promotion of ‘Rosie the Riveter,’ as the principle women, was based on the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, competent, and pretty, and it becomes very famous in 19429. In the end, it became apparent that married women were required although nobody wanted women to work, particularly if they had young kids. It was difficult to hire married women and even though they wished to be employed, their husbands did not like them to. While patriotism did pressure western women, eventually it was the economic motivations that drove them to work. While working, they discovered the non-material advantages of working, such as acquiring new skills, proving their skills and competent to their men, and participating in the public development10. Women after World War Two During World War Two, most women enjoyed working, but other women experienced some inconveniences brought about by employment. Most women decided to save the income they received during their employment period. Because of war period shortages and long working hours, there was no much expenses and women were reminded to purchase war gears. When women took part in their previous male jobs, the major issue was transforming attitudes of men against women11. Male labor unions and employees were doubtful of women and most employers considered the desires and needs of women on the job as less important as needs of men. Therefore, they did consider them serious or provided much co nsideration. This affected women in their workplaces since companies refused to promote women to powerful positions and leaving them out from the decision-making course. After the war, women wanted to be considered like their male employees and not provided particular consideration only because they were women and equality must be exercised. More and more women were recruited in labor force after the war and attitudes of men towards women changed and employers honored them. The image of women as mother and wives was not changed after World War Two, although they willingly and heavily contributed to the safety of the country during the war. Mainstream community recognized temporary changes caused by the war, but believed that they are disagreeable on a permanent perspective. Men and employers informed women that their best asset was their capability to look after their homes and that employed women would be unlucky while looking for husband. After the war, cultural division of work b ased on gender reasserted and many women remained in their jobs, but companies maintained lower pay for women. Many women were jobless and were reminded to return to their families to perform their usual duties. During World War Two, women’s image changed, but it appears as temporary and superficial, and the truth was that most women went back to their traditional domestic roles during the success of the 1950s. The contribution and decision followed by western women in the labor force during the war influenced their role and participation in this modern society. Society has changed and men’s attitudes towards women have greatly changed. Women have been allocated job opportunities in their society and their voices are being heard just like men. Equality in our society has improved and women are provided with the roles which were traditionally assigned to men. The modern daughters and mothers are following the successful path initiated by their mothers and grandmothers. Between 1945 and 1985, the population of women in workforce increased from 30 to 45 percent as women’s workforce involvement rate leaped from 32 to 55 percent12. These figures would show a transformation in attitudes and approaches that remained long after World War Two. Most people immediately after the war thought that women should abandon their jobs to allow the returning soldiers to assume their previous jobs. By the end of the war, women were included completely into the national army, even though they were mainly restricted to mostly clerical duties, such as office messengers, secretaries, clerks, and typists, and were just 2% of the labor force13. Conclusion In conclusion, the war influenced the modern trend toward a raise in the women workforce and the war brought in married women to employment sector. However, more women were almost certainly to leave the labor force after the war due to inconveniences and pressures from their men to resume traditional roles as wives and mothers. Most women before the war were considered nurturers and home-makers and should not take any position in the employment sector. Married women were not allowed to get jobs and unmarried women were supposed to abandon their jobs immediately after marrying to take the responsibility of mothers and wives. The war brought huge impact on women’s participation in the society. The government used various ways to motivate women to participate. High rate of women turned out for jobs and this led women to understand the importance of getting a job. After the World War Two, men urged women to leave their jobs and resume their traditional jobs. Men attitudes and equality towards women have changed. The participation of women in World War Two and immediately after the war gave birth to their participation of women after and in the current society. Women are participating in the development and employment in modern society. Although inequality and discrimination among women are experienced in modern society during recruitment and wages policies, these issues have changed positively matched up with the conditions before, during, and immediately after the war. Bibliography Goldin, Claudia. â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment.† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 741-756. Hurt, Douglas. The Great Plains during World War II. New York, NY: U of Nebraska Press, 2008. Sonya, Rose. â€Å"Sex, Citizenship, and the Nation in World War II Britain.† The American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (1998): 1147-1176. Weatherford, Doris. American Women And World War II. New York, NY: Book Sales, 2009. Footnotes 1 Claudia Gildon, â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment,† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 744. 2 Douglas Hurt, The Great Plains during World War II (New York, NY: U of Nebraska Press, 2008), 83. 3 Doris Weatherford, American Women And World War II (New Y ork, NY: Book Sales, 2009), 34. 4 Rose Sonya, â€Å"Sex, Citizenship, and the Nation in World War II Britain,† The American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (1998): 1156. 5 Douglas Hurt, The Great Plains during World War II (New York, NY: U of Nebraska Press, 2008), 83. 6 Rose Sonya, â€Å"Sex, Citizenship, and the Nation in World War II Britain,† The American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (1998): 1156. 7 Claudia Gildon, â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment,† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 744. 8 Claudia Gildon, â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment,† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 744. 9 Doris Weatherford, American Women And World War II (New York, NY: Book Sales, 2009), 34. 10 Douglas Hurt, The Great Plains during World War II (New York, NY: U of Nebraska Press, 2008), 83. 11 Claudia Gildon, â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employ ment,† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 744. 12 Doris Weatherford, American Women And World War II (New York, NY: Book Sales, 2009), 34. 13 Claudia Gildon, â€Å"The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment,† The American Economic Review 81, no. 4 (2001): 744. This research paper on Western Women in World War Two was written and submitted by user Karlee O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Mandatory Detention Synopsis

Should Australia’s policy of indefinite mandatory detention be extended to children? The expeditious spread of capitalism, together with globalisation has led to an increase in migration and flight around the world (Briskman and Cemelyn 2003). In addition, poverty, instability and war have led to millions of people being forcibly displaced from their countries of origin, these individuals being termed asylum seekers. In Australia, asylum seekers who arrive unlawfully are mandatorily placed in detention for an indefinite period of time until an administrative assessment is made on whether a refugee visa should be granted in accordance with Article 1A of the Refugees Convention as amended by the Refugees Protocol. While there may or not be sociological reasons why indefinite mandatory detention is a suitable policy for adults, the question that will be addressed in discussion is whether there are sociological reasons why this policy should not be extended to children. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children are a group of persons who require special protection, and whose â€Å"best interests†¦ shall be a primary consideration† at all times (Art 3:1). In addition, the Convention affirms that children require an environment of â€Å"happiness, love and understanding,† (UNCRC Preamble) and have a right to â€Å"rest, leisure, to engage in play and in recreational activities† (UNCRC Art 31) However, the prison like environment of a detention centre does not provide children with any of these legal requirements (Briskman and Cemlyn 2003). Additionally, research on brain development has highlighted that a stress-free and positive environment in early childhood is essential for future mental and psychological stability of the child (Australian Association for Infant Mental Health 2003). However, according to the Briskman and Cemlym (2003), detention centres do not provide such an e... Free Essays on Mandatory Detention Synopsis Free Essays on Mandatory Detention Synopsis Should Australia’s policy of indefinite mandatory detention be extended to children? The expeditious spread of capitalism, together with globalisation has led to an increase in migration and flight around the world (Briskman and Cemelyn 2003). In addition, poverty, instability and war have led to millions of people being forcibly displaced from their countries of origin, these individuals being termed asylum seekers. In Australia, asylum seekers who arrive unlawfully are mandatorily placed in detention for an indefinite period of time until an administrative assessment is made on whether a refugee visa should be granted in accordance with Article 1A of the Refugees Convention as amended by the Refugees Protocol. While there may or not be sociological reasons why indefinite mandatory detention is a suitable policy for adults, the question that will be addressed in discussion is whether there are sociological reasons why this policy should not be extended to children. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children are a group of persons who require special protection, and whose â€Å"best interests†¦ shall be a primary consideration† at all times (Art 3:1). In addition, the Convention affirms that children require an environment of â€Å"happiness, love and understanding,† (UNCRC Preamble) and have a right to â€Å"rest, leisure, to engage in play and in recreational activities† (UNCRC Art 31) However, the prison like environment of a detention centre does not provide children with any of these legal requirements (Briskman and Cemlyn 2003). Additionally, research on brain development has highlighted that a stress-free and positive environment in early childhood is essential for future mental and psychological stability of the child (Australian Association for Infant Mental Health 2003). However, according to the Briskman and Cemlym (2003), detention centres do not provide such an e...

Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War

Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War The Siege of Paris was fought September 19, 1870 to January 28, 1871 and was a key battle of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). With the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, French forces suffered a string of serious reverses at the hands of the Prussians. Following their decisive victory at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, the Prussians quickly advanced on Paris and encircled the city. Laying siege to city, the invaders were able to contain Paris garrison and defeated several attempted breakout attempts. Seeking to reach a decision, the Prussians began shelling the city in January 1871. Three days later the Paris surrendered. The Prussian triumph effectively ended the conflict and led to the unification of Germany. Background Following their triumph over the French at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, 1870, Prussian forces began marching on Paris. Moving swiftly, the Prussian 3rd Army along with the Army of Meuse encountered little resistance as they neared the city. Personally guided by King Wilhelm I and his chief of staff, Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian troops began encircling the city. Within Paris, the citys governor, General Louis Jules Trochu, had massed around 400,000 soldiers, half of which were untested National Guardsmen. Count Helmuth von Moltke. Photograph Source: Public Domain As the pincers closed, a French force under General Joseph Vinoy attacked Crown Prince Fredericks troops south of the city at Villeneuve Saint Georges on September 17. Attempting to save a supply dump in the area, Vinoys men were driven back by massed artillery fire. The following day the railroad to Orleans was cut and Versailles occupied by the 3rd Army. By the 19th, the Prussians had completely encircled the city beginning the siege. In the Prussian headquarters a debate was had over how best to take the city. Siege of Paris Conflict: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)Dates: September 19, 1870-January 28, 1871Armies Commanders:PrussiaField Marshal Helmuth von MoltkeField Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal240,000 menFranceGovernor Louis Jules TrochuGeneral Joseph Vinoyapprox. 200,000 regularsapprox. 200,000 militiaCasualties:Prussians: 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, approximately 47,000 civilian casualtiesFrench: 12,000 killed and wounded The Siege Begins Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck argued in favor of immediately shelling the city into submission. This was countered by the sieges commander, Field Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal who believed shelling the city to be inhumane and against the rules of war. He also argued that a quick victory would lead to peace before the remaining French field armies could be destroyed. With these in place, it was likely that the war would be renewed in a short time. After hearing arguments from both sides, William elected to allow Blumenthal to proceed with the siege as planned. Within the city, Trochu remained on the defensive. Lacking faith in his National Guardsmen, he hoped that the Prussians would attack allowing his men to fight from within the citys defenses. As it quickly became apparent that the Prussians were not going to attempt to storm the city, Trochu was forced to reconsider his plans. On September 30, he ordered Vinoy to demonstrate and test the Prussian lines west of the city at Chevilly. Striking the Prussian VI Corps with 20,000 men, Vinoy was easily repulsed. Two weeks later, on October 13, another attack was made at Chà ¢tillon. St-Cloud after the fighting at Chà ¢tillon, October 1870. Public Domain   French Efforts to Break the Siege Though French troops succeeded in taking the town from the Bavarian II Corps, they were eventually driven back by Prussian artillery. On October 27, General Carey de Bellemare, commander of the fort at Saint Denis, attacked the town of Le Bourget. Though he had no orders from Trochu to move forward, his attack was successful and French troops occupied the town. Though it was of little value, Crown Prince Albert ordered it retaken and Prussian forces drove the French out on the 30th. With morale in Paris low and made worse by news of the French defeat at Metz, Trochu planned a large sortie for November 30. Consisting of 80,000 men, led by General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, the attack struck at Champigny, Creteil and Villiers. In the resulting Battle of Villiers, Ducrot succeeded in driving back the Prussians and taking Champigny and Creteil. Pressing across the Marne River towards Villiers, Ducrot was unable to breakthrough the last lines of Prussian defenses. Having suffered over 9,000 casualties, he was forced to withdraw to Paris by December 3. With food supplies low and communication with the outside world reduced to sending letters by balloon, Trochu planned a final breakout attempt. Prussian troops outside of Paris, 1870.   Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H26707 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 The City Falls On January 19, 1871, a day after William had been crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles, Trochu assaulted the Prussian positions at Buzenval. Though Trochu took the village of St. Cloud, his supporting attacks failed, leaving his position isolated. At the end of the day Trochu was forced to fall back having taken 4,000 casualties. As a result of the failure, he resigned as governor and turned command over to Vinoy. Though they had contained the French, many in the Prussian high command were becoming impatient with the siege and the increasing duration of the war. With the war adversely affecting the Prussian economy and disease beginning to break out on the siege lines, William ordered that a solution be found. On January 25, he directed von Moltke to consult with Bismarck on all military operations. After doing so, Bismarck immediately ordered that Paris be shelled with the armys heavy Krupp siege guns. Following three days of bombardment, and with the citys population starving, Vinoy surrendered the city. Aftermath In the fighting for Paris, the French suffered 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, as well as approximately 47,000 civilian casualties. Prussian losses were around 12,000 dead and wounded. The fall of Paris effectively ended the Franco-Prussian War as French forces were ordered to cease fighting following the citys surrender. The Government of National Defense signed the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, officially ending the war. The war itself had completed the unification of Germany and resulted in the transfer of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.

Private Placements and Public Offerings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Private Placements and Public Offerings - Essay Example When it comes to securities, two types of basic methods are used by companies to offer those to investors. One of the methods used for this is called Initial Public Offering (IPO) or Public Offering. In this particular method securities are offered for sale to general public. Any one can be an investor in the case of initial public offering. Actually it is the first time when a corporation starts to offer a registered security to public. This practice helps companies to get immediate cash to increase their equity base along with positively affecting the stock value appreciation (Initial Public Offering (IPO). Private Placement is the other method used to offer securities. The basic difference in this particular method as compared to the other one is about selling the shares without the involvement of intermediary of a stockbroker. Both these methods are used in real world to achieve different types of objectives. Actually, the use of a particular method is directly related to the situations being faced by a corporation. By contemplating more on the details related to both these methods, it becomes quite evident that there are quite a few differences, advantages and disadvantages of using a particular method. A critical comparison of both these methods will help you to understand those advantages and disadvantages in a much better way. Let's start off with Public or Initial Public... It is the duty of SEC to set regulations and specific standards for the investment market to function in a right way. Due to these standards and regulations, it is essential for a corporation to reveal a lot of information before making any offering. The information may be about inner workings of a corporation and the plan about using the funds obtained through the offering. Here, a corporation has to wait for the approval of SEC after setting a sales price for the offering along with providing the other necessary information. Now when you will compare this particular aspect of providing extensive information to SEC with the other method of Private Placement, you will understand why this other method is preferred by most of the corporations. Herein, such securities can be offered which may not be registered with SEC. What it means is that there will be no need to provide extensive information to Securities and Exchange Commission, which is unlike IPO. Since companies making use of this method exploits Securities Act of 1933, there remains no need to follow the rule of quarterly reporting. But, it is significant to mention that a Private Placement Memorandum (PPM) is not exempt from Anti-fraud provisions and state law. It implies the fact that though there will be no need to provide as much details as required in Public Offering but you will have to disclose enough information so an investor may become able to make an informed and rational decision. Apart from this particular aspect, it is important to compare the basic way in which both these methods actually work. While comparing the working process of both these methods, it is easy to see few important differences. For Private Placement, it is obligatory for a company to use Private Placement Memorandum which

Learning Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning Theory - Essay Example ntually, examples of learning theories such as: (1) andragogy which is also known as the theory of adult learning; (2) connectivism which focuses on learning as making connections; and (3) the multi-media learning which focuses on the principles behind the effective use of multimedia in learning will be tackled prior to conclusion. In general, the main purpose of cognitive psychology is to enable psychologists to determine exactly what is going through with a learner’s mind. Cognitivism is actually focused on analyzing the mental processes behind a person’s behavioral changes. (Schuman and Ritchie) Aside from the importance of reinforcement, this type of learning is possible when practicing repetition and contiguity. (Good and Brophy, p. 187) For this reason, providing feedback on mental development of each individual is necessary in order to motivate the learner to undergo the same learning process over and over again. Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) is one of the most influential and famous cognitivism theorists. (Huitt and Hummel) As part of examining the cognitive learning of human beings, he proposed the four stages known as: (1) sensory motor stage – infancy to 2 years old; (2) pre-operational stage (trial and error / intuitive thought) – toddler (3 to 6 years old); (3) concrete operational stage –school age (between 7 to 11 years old); and (4) formal operational stage – adolescence (12 years old and above) (Boeree). Based on these cognitive developmental stages, Piaget suggests that the standard cognitive learning development of each individual increases from infancy stage up to the point that we become adults. Likewise, Piaget also suggests the cognitive learning theory related to â€Å"assimilation and accommodation† (Atherton a). This particular learning theory complements the idea of adaptation. It means that increasing the learners’ awareness from the real world enables the learner to assimilate and accommodate newly learned ideas into